The  Infinitive
1.    Forms
To do---to be done    to be doing--- ~    to have done---to have been done
To have been doing---~
It is difficult for me to answer the question.
It is very kind of you to help me study English.
2.    Uses of the bare infinitive (without “ to”):
1)    After some modal auxiliary phrases: had better, had best; would rather, would sooner, would just as soon; may(might) just as well; cannot but, cannot help but, cannot choose but:
We had best do it at once.
She would rather(sooner) die than marry.
I’d just as soon stay at home as go out with her.
She cannot help but agree to marry him.
2)    After some set-phrases of main verbs: make do with/on, make believe, let drop, let fall, let slip, let fly, let/leave go/hold of, hear say, hear tell:
We have to make do with what little equipment we have.
Some families have to make do on small incomes now.
She let fall/drop her own secret.
Leave go of my hair, you fool!!
3)    In the “ verb+object+infinitive” structure, when the verb is “let, make, have; listen to, hear, overhear; look at, see, watch, observe, notice, feel”, we should use bare infinitives, but when the sentence is in the passive, the infinitive should take the “to” as subject complement except “let”:
The teacher let/made the girl leave ahead of time.→
The girl was made to leave ahead of time.
The girl was let leave ahead of time.
Have you known him come on time?
4)    After the verb “help”:
Customers’ criticisms help (to) improve the service work of our shop.
I helped him (to) find the lost bike.
I cannot help but agree to accept her terms.
She cannot help laughing at his joke.
Staying up late cannot help (to) build a strong body.
5)    After the prep. “except, but”: if the verb is a certain form of the main verb “do” before these two prepositions, we should use bare infinitive:
He does nothing but/except play all day.
I had nothing to do but/except wait for her.
I desire nothing but/except to go home.
I have no choice/don’t have any choice but/except to obey her.
6)    When “sooner than, rather than” are at the beginning of the sentence:
Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress.
7) Why not have a rest?  Why argue with her?
7)    When the subject has the main verb “do”, we use infinitive as predicative with or without “to”: e.g.  What he most wants to do is (to) wait for her.
The best thing would be to tell her the truth.
3.    Functions of the infinitive:
1)    subject: For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable.→
          It is unbelievable for a bridge to collapse like that.
2)    predicative: To do that would be (to) cut the foot to fit the shoe.
3)    Appositive: Her ambition, to be a famous actress, was never fulfilled.
4)    Adjectival complement: You’re foolish to have spent too much.
5)    Modifiers of noun phrases: Give me a chair to sit on.→
                Give me a chair on which to sit.
Find a girl to travel with.→
Find a girl with whom to travel.
                He is the best man to choose. (ambiguous)→
He is the best man to make the choice.
He is the best man to be chosen.
6)    adverbial of reason, purpose, manner, result,etc.:
        He is old enough to go to school.
        He is not old enough to go to school.
        He is too young to go to school.
But when “too”is modified by “not, but, all, only”, the meaning of the infinitive is positive:
  I am not too stupid to believe what you said.
  I shall be only too pleased to help you.
  The report is but too true to believe.
  I shall come back all too soon to catch the 10:30 train.
  The woman is too ready to speak.
  The cast iron is too apt to break.
7).object:
Verbs+to do: afford, ask, agree, aim, apply, arrange, choose, claim, decline, decide, determine, resolve, desire, wish, expect, hope,long, guarantee, pledge, promise, swear, vow, endeavour, seek, learn, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, profess, refuse, threaten, undertake, volunteer, venture.
arrange for sb. to do sth.    long for sb. to do sth.    Hope sb. to do sth.*
Verbs+doing: admit, acknowledge, anticipate, advocate, appreciate, avoid=escape=evade, resist, consider=contemplate, defer=delay=postpone=put off, deny, detest=dislike=resent=loathe, mind, ensure, enjoy, excuse=pardon=forgive, facilitate, fancy=imagine, favour, finish, give up, include=involve, keep(on), miss, practice, report, suggest, recall=recollect, grudge, feel like, risk.
a.    It’s beginning to rain.  I began/started to believe her story.
b.    Need, want, demand, require, deserve:
I need to have a rest.  My watch needs to be repaired/repairing.
She deserved to get the firs prize.
The man deserved to be sent/sending to prison.
c.    remember, forget, regret:
I shall never forget seejng the Great Wall.
Don’t forget to bring a dictionary to class next time.
d.    allow, permit, encourage, forbid, recommend, advise, authorize:
We don’t allow smoking in class.
The teacher doesn’t allow students to smoke in class.
We don’t allow to smoke in class.*
e.    stop doing/to do
f.    go on doing/to do
g.    try doing/to do
h.    mean to do/doing: I don’t mean to hurt you.
                  To raise wages means increasing prices.
i.    can’t help to do/doing

The Gerund & the Present Participle
1.The forms:
vi.  coming        having come        having been coming
vt.  Doing---being done      having done---having been done
    having been doing
2. Functions of the gerund:
1). Subject:  Telling lies is wrong.  It’s no use/good arguing with her.
            There is no telling what will happen tomorrow.
2). Object:  He denied having been there.
            I look forward to seeing you in Shanghai.
3). Predicative: Her first job has been selling computers. (what)
4). Appositive: His hobby, collecting stamps, absorbed him.
5). Adjectival complement:
            Mary is busy writing letters.
            The film is worth seeing.
6). Premodifiers of nouns:
            a swimming pool-----a swimming girl
3.    the complex form of the gerund:
1). 当动名词复合结构作主语时，逻辑主语用物主代词或名词所有格：
  John’s/His not passing the exam angered his mother.
2).作宾语时，正式文体用所有格或物主代词，非正式文体可用名词通格或代词宾格：
  Do you mind John’s/his//John/him opening the door?
3). 当逻辑主语为无生命名词时或较长名词时，逻辑主语用普通格：
  We strongly object to weapons being everything.
  Have you ever heard of a man of good sense refusing such an offer?
4). I’m opposed to that being said about me.
  There’s a bird in the chimney. I’m afraid of it/its building a nest in it.
  Oh! It’s 9:30 now. I’m afraid of it being so late.
4.    functions of the present participle:
1). Modifiers of nouns:
  The bridge being built/built/to be built is very vital to the city.
2). Predicative: The effect of her words is terrifying.(how)
3). Object complement:
I caught him stealing his mother’s money again.
She found herself lying in hospital when she came to.
  4). Subject & object:
        The living must finish the cause of the dead.
  5). Adverbial of time, reason, concession, manner,etc.:
        Having breakfasted, out I went.
        Though living many miles away, he will go to see her.
        When returning home, I took a shower.
  (When the present participle is used as adverbial, its logical subject should be the subject of the main clause.)
        Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell down.*
        Barking angrily, she led the dog to the big tree.*
        The dog barking angrily, she led it to the big tree.

太多了啊,要是中文的要好看一些