【访谈录】母[屏蔽]喂养的益处
2005-08-10   Heathcliff     点击: 22113

【访谈录】母[屏蔽]喂养的益处
(NBC)Dr. Judith Reichman discusses the benefits of breastfeeding with "Today" host Katie Couric.
【整理】【Interview】
Credit goes to pelesink, leungwong, lattearoma, premiere, yerick, and saltycandy. Many thanks to your sincere participation!

Katie Couric: This morning on Today's Woman, the benefits of breastfeeding. Nursing is a wonderful way to bond with the newborn and get them off to a healthy start as well, but according to a recent report from the American Academy of Pediatrics, less than 60% of women breastfed their newborn at the time they were discharged from the hospital. Dr. Judith Reichman is a gynecologist and contributor here of Today. Hey, Judith. Good morning.

Dr. Judith Reichman: Good morning, Katie.

Katie Couric: So I'm just looking at less than 60%...

Dr. Judith Reichman: That's when they left the hospital and less than 21% percent were breastfeeding at the sixth month and many of them were supplementing they weren't doing so breastfeeding.

Katie Couric: So why do you think these numbers are so low?

Dr. Judith Reichman: I think it's very difficult for the working women to breastfeed and sometimes there is difficulty in initiating it. I'm not sure that everybody realizes how truly important to the health both of the baby and the mother it is.

Katie Couric: Why and what about formula? Is it as beneficial to the baby? Could modern-day formula(be) as mom's milk?

Dr. Judith Reichman: Well. I'm gonna use this phrase that I often use. Breast is best, and it really is. The milk that comes from the breast has the absolute right amount of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, fatty acids, minerals. You can't do better and we don't even know everything that's in breast milk so formula can really, totally copy it. But it certainly is much better than cow's milk which has things in it that the baby simply cannot and should not digest.

Katie Couric: Well. You can't give a newborn cow's milk, right?

Dr. Judith Reichman: You absolutely should not. The protein in the cow's milk is wrong. Breastmilk has something called whey and CASEIN and the whey is way above the amount. It's about 72%. Cow's milk is just the opposite. It has the wrong currents of electrolyte. It has a protein in it which actually can cause changes in the beta cells of the pancreas and help increase risk of diabetes in an infant or in a child.

Katie Couric: Oh, wow! OK. So breast milk, though, is on a positive side. Breast milk can prevent diarrhea, respiratory infections, ear infections and urinary tract infections.

Dr. Judith Reichman: It has wonderful antibodies and has cells that eat up the bad bacteria. It coats the lining of the gastral and intestinal tract. It prevents bad proteins from getting in, and it actually decreases colitis and ulcer to colitis down the line.

Katie Couric: Also when we talked about allergies, so we hear more about allergies these days, many more kids being diagnosed for the asthma. And there is some evidence that breastfeeding can help stave off this condition?

Dr. Judith Reichman: Yes. It's thought that if a woman exclusively breastfeeds for six months, she can decrease the allergens. She gets antibodies. If she doesn't eat nuts for example, then the baby is less likely to get the allergies to nuts. So the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that all women who have a history of allergies or asthma in their family, breastfeed exclusively for 6 months.

Katie Couric: Also mental development. There have been studies that show that breastfed babies are smarter, right?

Dr. Judith Reichman: Yeah. Well. I wasn't breastfed, so I keep thinking how if I had been breastfed who knows what I would have done?(You've been brilliant. You already are,so.) Fun? Thank you.(You would be too scary.) But in many cases there is some thought that increases cognition and that these children are not only a little smarter but the smartness continues down the line. so the longer a child is breastfed, maybe the better than brain develops.

Katie Couric: Yeah. Come to think that I wasn't breastfed either. See? Think what we'll be today and we happen?. Al'right, what about childhood obesity?

Dr. Judith Reichman: There are definitely some suggestions that it decreases obesity and also it decreases diabetes as I said before.

Katie Couric: What about for the mom? I know that it delays the onset of your first period, but it also can help you to burn a lot of calories after your pregnancy, right?

Dr. Judith Reichman: It's much easier to lose that baby weight if you breastfeed, and that's probably one of the chief reasons that women are anxious to do it. But in addition it decreases the amount of bleeding that a woman does after delivery. It decreases the ovulation. She's less likely to get breast cancer and ovarian cancer.

Katie Couric: Well, the one thing I want to mention, though, too, is it's difficult to breastfeed. And I don't think new mothers are told this. It doesn't sort of in necessarily, instantaneously happen where the baby latches on, and it's like Madonna and child. So people should know that there're experts in hospitals, there's the La Leche League I know. I got a pump from them. I felt like I'll see the cow. When I was in my kitchen. that nasty green bud through ...

Dr. Judith Reichman: But you know what, the more you do it, but you really do it, the better you get out of it. And we really tell mothers trying to do it every 2 hours. If you don't get enough milk out, try again. Use the pump. Learn what you can do.

Katie Couric: But talk to the experts because as I said I think a lot of women find it very frustrating and there are people on the hospital staff you should talk to even before you have your baby. If you're interested in breastfeeding just say, "Will you be available if I have any problems?"

Dr. Judith Reichman: Absolutely, the first breastfeeding is probably the most important because at that time the colostrum comes out. (Right.) And that's chock-full of antibodies and good things for the baby, so the hospital has to make sure that the baby rooms in and is available and they have to help the mother nurse and then in her workplace ,if she can pump, all she needs is a small room to herself with perhaps a small refrigerator and she can continue to breastfeed that baby.

Katie Couric: And very quickly, ideally how long should you do it? I did it for 6 months.

Dr. Judith Reichman: We want 6 months exclusively. If possible, then add on a supplement for a year, and we encourage, the American Academy of Pediatrics encourages breastfeeding for 2 years.

Katie Couric: Wow.

Dr. Judith Reichman: Yes.

Katie Couric: But when they can ask for it, they are too old. Right?

Dr. Judith Reichman: Well. Mommy. Mommy.

Katie Couric: I don't know. That kind of crazed me out. All right. Judith, thank you very much. If you'd like to learn more to each zone, right, about breastfeeding,just go to our website at today.msnbc.com.
背景资料：

Breast milk


Alternative names  

Milk - human; Human milk

Breast milk is the perfect source of nutrition for infants. Breast milk contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. It also provides digestive enzymes, minerals, vitamins, and hormones that all infants require. Breast milk contains valuable antibodies from the mother that may help the baby resist infections.

Healthy infants have adequate iron stores to last until 8 months of age. Iron-rich foods can be started at this age. (See diet for age.) Your pediatrician or dietitian may recommend fluoride supplementation in communities where water is not fluoridated (areas with less than 0.25 p.p.m. fluoride).

Cow's milk by itself is inappropriate for infants less than 1 year old. The infant may develop an allergy to dairy products if given cow's milk too early in life. Although cow's milk contains most of the same components as breast milk, these components are not in the same amounts. Cow's milk also lacks the immune factors (antibodies) that help protect infants until their own immune system fully develops.

Commercially prepared formulas may be based on non-fat cow's milk, whey protein, or soy protein. In order to provide a balanced diet for an infant, formulas must be fortified with carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins. The antibodies found in breast milk, however, can never be added to formulas.

BREAST MILK PRODUCTION

Milk is produced in small sac-like glands in the breast. These sacs develop after specific hormones (such as estrogen, progesterone, pituitary prolactin, and placental lactogen) stimulate them, beginning during the second trimester of pregnancy.

The human breast does not store a large volume of milk, as cows do. Suckling stimulates the release of a hormone (prolactin) which stimulates milk production and the release of another hormone (oxytocin). Oxytocin, in turn, stimulates contraction (or the "let-down reflex") of the milk glands. The milk is squeezed out of the milk gland, into the milk ducts, and into the nipple.

At the beginning of the feeding, the milk is bluish and contains lactose and proteins, but little fat; it is called foremilk. The end of the feeding produces hindmilk. The hindmilk contains more fat, the main source of energy for your baby. If breast milk is allowed to sit for half-an-hour after being expressed, the "cream" separates and settles on top of the watery part. This is because human milk isn't homogenized, the process that makes the water and fat portion in milk stay blended.

MILK EJECTION REFLEX

Some mothers feel a tingling sensation as the milk begins to eject from the breast due to the let-down reflex. The best way to monitor whether this milk-ejection reflex has begun is by watching the sucking and breathing patterns of your baby.

At the start of a feeding, you will notice a pattern: suck, suck, suck, swallow, suck, suck, suck, swallow. This pattern may last up to 30 seconds, but could be longer. As the milk ejection reflex takes over, the pattern may be described as gulping: one swallow, one deep breath, one swallow, one deep breath. This pattern may last for 2 - 4 minutes.

Your baby may want to nurse longer (maybe 15 or 20 minutes) on this breast in order to get more fat from the hindmilk or because your baby needs to fill a need for sucking. Rather than watching the clock to let him nurse 10 minutes on each side, you may want to allow your baby to pull away from the first breast naturally before switching to the other breast.

Your milk supply will be established during the first few days and weeks after the birth of your baby. Nursing early (within the first half-hour), and frequently (on demand, or 8 - 12 times per day), allows you to nurse comfortably and efficiently. It usually takes less than 1 minute for an infant to stimulate the milk ejection reflex. You should feel little discomfort or pain when breast feeding appropriately.

Within 6 - 8 weeks, your milk supply will adjust to your baby's needs. Before that time, your breasts may feel either too full or empty. Frequent, comfortable feedings will maintain your milk supply. Your milk supply will increase or decrease based on your baby's hunger and energetic sucking (milk demand or use). Changes in your milk supply will occur within 1 - 3 days after changes in milk demand or use.

MILK HANDLING AND STORAGE

When storing milk for home use, wash your hands before expressing (pumping). Use containers that have been washed in hot, soapy water and rinsed well. Always date the milk before storing it.

Fresh breast milk can be kept at room temperature up to 10 hours, and refrigerated up to 1 week. Frozen milk can be kept in a freezer compartment inside the refrigerator for 2 weeks; in a separate door refrigerator/freezer up to 3 or 4 months; and in a deep freezer at constant 0 degrees for 6 months. Frozen and thawed milk can be refrigerated for up to 9 hours, but it should not be refrozen.

Plastic containers are the best for storing breast milk. For freezing, use small (2 or 3 ounce) containers to avoid the waste of unused portions at the end of the day. Refrigerated milk and frozen milk should be warmed under a stream of warm tap water. Never microwave breast milk -- overheating destroys valuable nutrients and "hot spots" can scald your baby.

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